Is there a relationship between attending a university-level intensive English program and grades in university freshman English courses? Determine an answer to this question by examining the data below, which indicate, for international students, whether they attended an intensive English program and what their grades were in freshman English (high grades [A or B]=2, middle grades [C]=1, low grades [D or F]=0).

Data file:  chisq2.sav
Variables: PROGRAM,GRADES

PERSON    PROGRAM         GRADES
1               0              2
2               0              1
3               0              0
4               1              0
5               1              1
6               1              2
7               0              2
8               1              1
9               0              0
10              1              0
11              0              1
12              1              2
13              1              2
14              1              1
15              0              0
16              0              0
17              0              1
18              1              2
19              0              2
20              1              1
21              0              0
22              1              0
23              0              1
24              1              2
25              0              2
26              1              1
27              0              0
28              1              0
29              0              1
30              1              2
31              0              2
32              1              1
33              0              0
34              1              0
35              0              1
36              1              2
37              0              2
38              1              1
39              0              0
40              1              0

Answer the following questions:

1. Is it legitimate to use Chi-Square on these data? Check for all four assumptions.
    
    
    
    
2. If necessary, check the figures for normal distribution and note any outliers.
    
    
3. What are the degrees of freedom?
    
    
4. Perform the Chi-Square; write the result below.
    
    
5. Is the result significant at p<.05?
    
    
6. In terms of operationalization of the variables, how informative is the information in the data file? Can you suggest some alternative operationalization?
    
    
    
7. Would a significant finding allow one to conclude that attending an intensive English program causes better grades in freshman English? Explain.