Is there a relationship between the native language of international students and their grades in a university course where all students write a research paper? Answer this question with the data from 75 students whose native language (Chinese=5, Japanese=4, Arabic=3, Spanish=2, Hindi=1) and course grades (A=5, B=4, C=3, D=2, F=1) are shown below.

Data file:  chisq3.sav
Variables: LANGUAGE, GRADE

PERSON   LANGUAGE      GRADE
1               1          1
2               2          2
3               3          3
4               4          4
5               5          5
6               5          1
7               4          2
8               3          3
9               2          4
10              1          5
11              1          3
12              2          4
13              3          5
14              4          2
15              5          1
16              5          3
17              4          2
18              3          4
19              2          5
20              1          1
21              1          2
22              2          3
23              3          4
24              4          1
25              5          5
26              5          5
27              4          4
28              3          3
29              2          2
30              1          1
31              1          2
32              2          3
33              3          5
34              4          4
35              5          1
36              5          2
37              4          1
38              3          4
39              2          3
40              1          5
41              1          1
42              2          2
43              3          4
44              4          3
45              5          5
46              5          5
47              4          4
48              3          3
49              2          1
50              1          2
51              1          3
52              2          2
53              3          4
54              4          5
55              5          1
56              5          2
57              4          3
58              3          1
59              2          5
60              1          4
61              1          5
62              2          4
63              3          1
64              4          2
65              5          3
66              5          5
67              4          4
68              3          3
69              2          2
70              1          1
71              1          1
72              2          2
73              3          3
74              4          4
75              5          5

Answer the following questions:

1. Is it legitimate to use Chi-Square on these data? Check for all four assumptions. If not legitimate, what transformation can you perform in order to use Chi-Square?
    
    
    
    
    
2. If inecessary, check the figures for normal distribution and note any outliers.
    
    
3. What are the degrees of freedom?
    
    
    
4. Perform the Chi-Square; write the result below.
    
    
    
5. Is the result significant at p<.001?
    
    
6. In terms of operationalization of the variables, how informative is the information in the data file? How informative was the transformation that you performed? Can you suggest some alternative operationalization?
    
    
    
    
7. Would a significant finding allow one to conclude that a person's native language stands in a cause-effect relationship to the person's success in the course? Explain.