Preview of Learning Needs: Class Exercise A
Is there a relationship between passing the TOEFL on the first try and
having taken a TOEFL preparation course? The data below represent two variables
for 40 randomly-selected international students:
PERSON PASS
COURSE
1
0
0
2
0
1
3
1
0
4
1
1
5
0
0
6
1
1
7
1
0
8
0
1
9
1
0
10
0
1
11
1
0
12
0
1
13
1
0
14
1
1
15
0
0
16
0
1
17
1
0
18
1
1
19
0
0
20
1
1
21
0
0
22
1
1
23
0
0
24
1
1
25
0
0
26
0
1
27
1
0
28
0
1
29
1
0
30
1
1
31
1
0
32
0
1
33
1
1
34
0
0
35
1
1
36
0
0
37
1
1
38
0
0
39
0
1
40
0
0
Answer the following questions:
- What kind of data do the two variables represent?
- Is it legitimate to use Chi-Square on these data?
- What are the degrees of freedom?
- Hand-calculate the Chi-Square and write the result below.
- Is the result significant at p<.01?
- Think through the operationalization of the variables. How informative
is the information? Can you suggest some alternative operationalization?
- Would a significant finding allow you to conclude that taking a TOEFL
preparation course causes first-take passing?