Examine the way the sources and linguistic data are cited in the following extract:

    Like Wode (1981), Lange (1979) also presents longitudinal data on the acquisition of negation by second-language (L2) learners of German. Lange's data, however, do not extend to the final stage. According to Lange's analysis, three main early and intermediate stages are evident. In the initial stage, learners employ the negative particle nein ("no") to negate what is generally called a "nucleus." Examples of this initial stage of negation are given in (1a-b) below.

(1) a.  nein helfen
        no help+INF
       "Don't help"
    b.  nein milch
        no milk
       "There's no milk"

    In the second stage, learners begin to employ recognizable subjects and predicates, though verbs may be absent, and subjects are optional. At this point, the negative particle changes to nicht ("not") and is placed in clause-medial position between the subject and the predicate. Examples from Lange (1979) are given in (2a-d) below.

(2) a. milch nicht da
       milk not there
      "The milk isn't there"
    b. nicht fahren da
       not drive+INF there
      "Don't drive there"
    c. nein, das nicht
       no    that not
      "No, not that"
    d. das nicht ein schaf
      that not   a   sheep
     "That's not a sheep"

    In the final stage evident in Lange's data, the form of the negative particle remains the same. Verbs are now regularly form part of the verb phrase, and the particle is placed after the verb. An example from Lange is in (3) below.

(3) a. Harry kriegt nicht ein ball
       H.   get+AGR not    a  ball
      "Harry doesn't get a ball"

    As noted above, Lange's data do not extend to the final stages of development when, as in Wode's (1981) data, the negative particle splits to nicht ("not") and kein ("not ... a/any") for sentential and constituent negation, respectively. In addition, the sentential negative particle is then placed in clause-final position.

References

Lange, D. (1979). Negation im natuerlichen englisch-deutschen Zweitsprachenerwerb: Eine Fallstudie. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 17, 331-48.

Wode, H. (1981). Learning a second language. Tuebingen: Gunter Narr.